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Chapter Analysis
Intermediate16 pages • EnglishQuick Summary
Chapter 5 of the Class 11 Psychology textbook explores various aspects of learning as a psychological process. It defines learning and explains different methods from classical and operant conditioning to observational and cognitive learning. The chapter discusses empirical phenomena and factors influencing learning including learning disabilities, providing a comprehensive understanding of how learning occurs and is influenced by different scenarios and stimuli.
Key Topics
- •Nature of Learning
- •Classical Conditioning
- •Operant Conditioning
- •Observational Learning
- •Cognitive Learning
- •Skill Learning
- •Learning Disabilities
- •Factors Influencing Learning
Learning Objectives
- ✓Describe the nature of learning
- ✓Explain different forms or types of learning and the procedures used
- ✓Understand various psychological processes that occur during learning and influence its course
- ✓Explain the determinants of learning
- ✓Identify symptoms and facilitate strategies for managing learning disabilities
- ✓Analyze different methods for investigating verbal and cognitive learning
Questions in Chapter
What is learning? What are its distinguishing features?
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How does classical conditioning demonstrate learning by association?
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Define operant conditioning. Discuss the factors that influence the course of operant conditioning.
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A good role model is very important for a growing up child. Discuss the kind of learning that supports it.
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Explain the procedures for studying verbal learning.
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What is a skill? What are the stages through which skill learning develops?
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How can you distinguish between generalisation and discrimination?
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Why is motivation a prerequisite for learning?
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What does the notion of preparedness for learning mean?
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Explain the different forms of cognitive learning?
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How can we identify students with learning disabilities?
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Additional Practice Questions
What are the main types of reinforcement used in operant conditioning?
mediumAnswer: In operant conditioning, reinforcement can be positive or negative. Positive reinforcement involves stimuli with pleasant consequences that strengthen the preceding response, while negative reinforcement involves removing unpleasant stimuli to strengthen behavior. These reinforcers can be primary (e.g., food, water) or secondary (e.g., money, praise).
Describe the concept of insight learning. Provide an example.
mediumAnswer: Insight learning is a sudden realization of a problem's solution without trial-and-error efforts, as demonstrated in Kohler's experiment with chimpanzees using tools to obtain food. This form of learning reflects a cognitive understanding of a problem's elements and how they interrelate.
How does observational learning occur, according to Bandura's studies?
hardAnswer: Observational learning occurs by watching others and modeling their behaviors. Bandura showed that children learn aggression by observing a model acting aggressively, particularly when the model's behavior is rewarded. This learning relies on cognitive processes and the perceived consequences of the modeled behavior.
Explain the concept of generalisation within the context of classical conditioning.
mediumAnswer: Generalisation in classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned response (CR) elicited by a specific conditioned stimulus (CS) is also triggered by stimuli similar to the CS. For example, a child conditioned to fear a white rat may also show fear toward other white, furry objects due to similarities.
What role does motivation play in the process of learning?
easyAnswer: Motivation energizes and directs behavior toward achieving goals, acting as a key prerequisite for learning. It maintains focus and effort, ensuring persistence in learning even in the face of obstacles. High motivation enhances engagement and the speed of learning new tasks or information.