Chapter 2: Self and Personality

Answer: The concept of 'Self as Subject and Self as Object' refers to the dual nature of the self, where it can be both the observer and the observed. As a subject, the self acts and engages with the world; as an object, it is reflected upon and understood. This differentiation is important because it helps in comprehending self-awareness and introspection, crucial for personal development and self-regulation.

Answer: The cultural context significantly influences self-concept by shaping how individuals perceive their own identity in relation to others. Western cultures often emphasize individuality, leading to a fixed boundary between self and others, while Indian cultural perspective suggests fluid boundaries where the self is seen in relation to cosmic and social identities. This affects behavior, interpersonal relationships, and personal goals.

Answer: Carl Rogers' humanistic theory suggests that a fully functioning person shows congruence between the real self and the ideal self, achieved through self-actualization. Positive and unconditional social conditions foster high self-concept and self-esteem leading to personality growth. Individuals are viewed as inherently good, striving for personal growth and fulfillment of potential.

Answer: Psychodynamic theories, such as Freud's, emphasize unconscious motives and early childhood experiences in shaping personality. While they offer deep insights into human behavior and therapeutic frameworks like psychoanalysis, they are criticized for lack of empirical rigor, reliance on case studies, and insufficient consideration of social & cultural influences.

Answer: Self-regulation involves the ability to manage and control one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts towards achieving long-term goals. It is crucial in personality development as it helps individuals adapt to social norms, delay gratification for greater rewards, and navigate complex social environments, thereby constructing a stable personality.